Philips Lighting has partnered with the City of San Jose in California, USA to pilot 50 Philips SmartPoles, which bring together energy efficient LED lighting and fully integrated 4G LTE wireless technology supplied by Ericsson.

B2B, B-to-B or Business-to-Business is actually pertain to the business transactions among two businesses, may it be a trade between manufacturer and a merchant or between a wholesaler and a vendor. The concept of B2B has spread out far and wide and now it generally refers to online dealings among businesses along with the approaches of searching new business connections. In terms of dealer’s view, it is the method of targeting new buyers for selling merchandises in large quantities to different traders who can then provide these suppliers to end consumers.

What are 10 useful Global B2B platform?

- Alibaba.com: Founded by Jack Ma in the year 1999, Alibaba.com is Chinese based world's largest B2B Marketplace started with the aim of providing a decent b2b trading platform to international trade community. The company is serving as a prominent e-commerce stage for small and medium enterprises regardless of the fact that from which part of the world they are...

- GlobalSources.com: Founded in 1996 and headquartered in Hong Kong, Global Sources is one of the world's leading B2B media companies that are main facilitator of international trade with Mainland China. It is one of the best online destinations where you can find decent and dependable suppliers, exporters and reliable manufacturers as the main aim behind the organization and developing of GlobalSources.com...

- Made-In-China.com: The Focus Technology Co, Ltd is a well known and reputed organization that is serving the fields related with E-Business in China for the past 13 years. The company was established in the year 1996 and the main aim of Focus Technology Co. Ltd. is to provide decent privileges to its customers by using promotion methods which they can find effective online solutions...

- TradeKey.com: Founded in 2005, TradeKey.com is one of the world's fastest growing online b2b marketplace initiated with the vision of providing better and state-of-the-art online b2b trading platform to international trade community. TradeKey.com has been designed and put forward with the aim of aiding small and medium sized enterprises so that they can easily extend their reach to international markets.

- IndiaMart.com: IndiaMart.com is presently providing golden opportunities to 1.2 million Indian suppliers who are generating decent profits as well as benefits by getting in touch with almost 6.5 million buyers, importers and purchasers from different parts of the world.

- GlobalMarket.com: GlobalMarket.com is a leading online M2B (manufacturers to business) marketplace that connects global buyers with accredited Chinese manufacturers timely and cost-effectively. GlobalMarket.com is one of the most trusted and distinguished group who are adept in providing the quality based services in a wide range of products ranging from Agriculture to Toys and Textile products.

- ThomasNet.com: ThomasNet.com is world's largest Industrial B2B Marketplace that connects industrial buyers and American manufacturers globally through state-of-the-art online b2b platform. The history of ThomasNet.com is consist of 12 decades of success, as it was initially started-off as industrial directory with the name "Thomas Register of American Manufacturers" in the year 1898 by Harvey Mark Thomas.

- DHGate.com: Founded in 2004, DHGate.com is leading Wholesale B2C Marketplace founded by Diane Wang who is one of the founders of famous Joyo.com which was a known B2B brand in the Great China. She was adept in marketing and have been playing leading role in Cisco and Microsoft in China. Since its inception, DHGate.com has been serving millions of satisfied customers.

- ECVV.com: ECVV.com is one of the leading B2B portals founded in 2003 and this initiative was taken by the pertinent authorities keeping in contemplation the varying demands of enterprises and global value of internet related approaches. Headquartered in Hunan, China, the aim for initiating this project was to facilitate international trade effectively and efficiently, where businesses can effectively interact and communicate with each other without any fear of scam or misrules.

- EC21.com: Based in South Korea, EC21.com was initially launched in October 1997 as online trade board affiliated with KITA (Korea International Trade Association) and it was get separated from KITA in April 2000. Today, it has successfully managed to help numerous SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises) in reaching heights of success.

- En.ofweek.com：En.OFweek.com is a prosperous Industrial B2B Marketplace developing very quickly. It focuses on industrial fields such as LED & Lighting, Solar, Laser, Display, Automation, Electrical, Electronic Components, Computers, Security Products, Instruments, Telecom Products, Equipments & Machineries, etc. OFweek provides trade opportunities for global manufacturers, exporters, importers, wholesalers & distributors.

OFweek provides users with abundant highly-valued real-time reports, original articles and picture information in the high-tech industry. With in-time and swift updating, it has become the most in-depth, influential web portal and leading online service platform in Chinese high-tech industry. Visitors come from over 220 countries and regions from worldwide. Global buyers are sourcing at En.OFweek.com everyday.

What do you think about this 10 Global B2B Websites selection? Please share your thoughts.

Super Bright LEDs low bay lights

In northern latitudes, producers of bedding plants depend on supplemental lighting during the late winter and early spring growing seasons. Unfortunately, these peak times for young plant production are also the darkest.

Bedding plant seedlings are shown growing under light-emitting diode supplemental lighting in the greenhouse. The study showed that using sole-source LEDs can be an effective production strategy for annual seedlings. Credit: Photo courtesy of Roberto Lopez

Researchers have determined that a minimum amount of photosynthetic light (daily light integral; DLI) is necessary to produce high-quality young plants in greenhouses. In northern latitudes, though, the average greenhouse photosynthetic DLI can fall far short of optimal levels, resulting in delayed production and poor quality plants.

Roberto Lopez and Wesley Randall, researchers at the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture at Purdue University, published a study in the May 2015 issue of HortScience in which they compared the quality of bedding plant seedlings grown under sole-source LEDs and supplemental lighting from LEDs and high-pressure sodium lamps. "Due to their small size, wavelength specificity, high light output, and relatively low heat output, LEDs have been used in environmental chambers for sole-source photosynthetic lighting and now in greenhouses as overhead supplemental lighting for young ornamental plants," Lopez said.

Lopez and Randall compared bedding plant seedlings grown under low greenhouse ambient light (AL) to those grown under supplemental lighting (SL) or sole-source photosynthetic (SSL) with a similar DLI. The researchers used seeds of French marigold, geranium, impatiens, petunia, and vinca sown into seed trays filled with soilless medium and then placed in a glass-glazed greenhouse. Trays of each species were moved upon hypocotyl emergence to one of three treatments: ambient light, ambient light plus supplemental light in a glass-glazed greenhouse, or sole-source photosynthetic light in a growth chamber. After the lighting treatments, seedlings from each tray were transplanted into containers filled with soilless medium and placed in a common greenhouse environment with a 16-hour photoperiod of ambient light supplemented with high-pressure sodium lamps.

"Our results showed that the bedding plant seedlings grown under SSL were of similar or greater quality compared with those under SL, indicating that LED SSL could be used as an alternative to traditional greenhouse seedling production," Lopez and Randall said.

"Supplemental and SSL with blue light are known to suppress extension growth and leaf expansion, resulting in compact young plants, which is often a desirable characteristic for greenhouse growers," the authors noted. "A general recommendation for SSL of bedding plant seedlings would be to include anywhere from 10% to 30% blue light depending on the desired crop-specific attributes and costs."

The researchers added that LEDs could be used for SSL in high-density multilayer production systems as an effective alternative in greenhouse annual bedding plant seedling production.

What is the feature of LED tube lights

Lighting is highly essential for daily life. Necessary lighting is vital for a working surrounding, a cooking atmosphere and for simple living.There are programs found that will alter the intensity and tone of the light on the computer at a specific time at the day time to lessen strain on the eyes and get you ready for bed.LED tube light are carrying over in several instances where there was a conventional style light past.There are lot of reasons why these kinds of lights are very famous. It can be in long tubes or in small bulbs that can be strung collectively for the excellent display.These tubes are very popular because they contain plenty of great benefits that satisfy numerous desires and needs.

Benefits:

The important benefits using led tube lights is that they can be colored. The colored tubes are highly seen in products like material materials, headlamps. There are many various uses for colored lights.Colors are not simply limited to the main colors, but with a different range of choices to pick from.These lights are easily dealt with.Most of the lights are designed in a particular length, shape or size. These lights, certain times known as rope lights, contain numerous diameters to select from and can be bent with any kind of corner.People who are availing these lights get the versatility in being able to link them with another of the different one or same color.

Different application:

These lights are availed in several different applications on these days.They offer business owners another way from which to promote the items or to improve the surrounding with sights and colors.When the lights are installed,according to the requirement for the light changes, these lights can grow or be shortened.With the versatility of these lights, people can include own design to their room or exterior sitting area.Most of the business owners buy these lights from the led tube light manufacturer and install them as a method to draw the attention of a specific product or aspect of the construction.This let the business owners to change the appearance continually of the building for further development and enjoyment.

Safety and electricity:

Another benefit of these lights is they do not heat up, that saves on safety and electricity.The best benefit to availing these lights is in the energy bill.Modifying from kind of light to another must assist you to save your money in the work.Normal lights avail more energy than LED tube lights, but they should be replaced regularly.These lights continue to brighten for numerous years after they have been placed.There are many led tube light suppliers available on the internet, contact them and buy these lights.Light emitting diode or led lights are getting very popular for the reason being these lights are efficient and save more energy.The great features of these lights that makes them apart from others are they are cheap, strong and can be installed quickly. http://en.ofweek.com is a website that sells good lights for your purposes.Buy the LED lights and shine your life.

Titanium is a non reactive chemical substance alloy mixed with steel, aluminum, molybdenum and manganese. It is very strong like steel but it is forty five lighter. Titanium fastener are availed in the field of aircraft in a heavy levels because they lessen the weight of the aircraft and titanium fasteners are corrosion resistant.They are like screws and corrosion resistant due to the reason of the oxide layer that makes on titanium alloys.The layer is the key reason for the great use of titanium in large number of industries.

Sturdy and durable:

An excellent truth regarding this layer is that it is replaced automatically when removed or scratched.Screws and fasteners undergo several number of friction and scratching and this is the main purpose why titanium is availed in the producing of these items.The oxide layer that makes the fastener secure it from corrosion, therefore creating it sturdy and durable.They include washers, bolts, flanges and nuts.These kinds of fasteners are availed in petrochemical fields, sports and oil industries.Another benefit is that it is heavily weigh than steel.This is the necessary feature in this because a heavy one can hold huge weight when compared to a stainless steel. The fasteners are also availed in pix racecars wheels. The reason for this is the light weight and sticky properties it has.

Good galvanizing properties:

A titanium screw will stick to the surface because of the oxide lawyer which makes automatically on the metal surface.It contains excellent galvanizing properties that shows that it can be combined with several metals like steel and aluminum to make an alloy that is best for the purpose that it needs.The price is fixed by the titanium fasteners manufacturer between 0.45 dollar to ten dollar for one piece.The cost differs based on the metal that it is mixed with and to the size.They are good choice for the people who need the structure to be stable, durable and long lasting.The fasteners are also called as power fasteners are the ones that are particularly made to withstand heavy conditions and are prepared to rigid best standards to do excellent work of fastening.

Current formula:

Titanium is banned in the present formula one engine rules from being availed for threaded fasteners.The regulations mention that these fasteners should be produced from alloys based on three elements like cobalt,iron or nickel.It must be considered though that there is no same rule implies on using the fasteners on the chassis.

Useful:

The fasteners are beneficial where other kinds do not measure up for the work immediately.These fasteners are availed where the requirement for safety and quality is important.They are availed in surgical treatment for different purposes because these fasteners are non corrosive and so they do not react with body tissue or blood when implanted in the body.They are used in the field of airline because of their feature of durability and light weight.Titanium fasteners suppliers are providing best quality range of this product.These are produced from different qualitative level of raw materials. They are available in different shapes, designs and sizes.The assortment of the product is also found on the market at the cost effective price. You can check it in the http://en.ofweek.com.

IHS forecasts that by 2022 nearly half (42 percent) of light bulb shipments to the residential sector will be LED replacement lamps, compared to just 4 percent in 2014.

These LED bulbs are designed to replace traditional bulbs, so the fittings or luminaires that house the bulbs generally remain in place. While that's convenient for consumers, and helps keep the initial costs down, in terms of engineering the situation is far from ideal. Driver electronics need to be squeezed into the base of the bulb and heat dissipation is a challenge due to the small size of the bulbs.

One alternative is to integrate the LED light source and driver electronic into the luminaire. Incandescent bulbs must be replaced every year, or even more often, due to their short lifetime of about 1,000 hours. LED bulbs, on the other hand, have lifetimes of up to 50,000 hours, so there is no need to replace them for 20 years or more.

Overall, about 44 percent of luminaire shipments are expected to be LED-integrated in 2022, says IHS in its latest research note. And even in the residential sector, which has the slowest LED penetration, the number is forecast to exceed one third of the market.

Traditional replacement lamps might not vanish from store shelves quite yet, but a future in which the lights are only replaced when a building is renovated seems increasingly likely.

Because there is far less need to replace bulbs, hard wiring the LED chips and electronics into the luminaire has several benefits: it offers greater flexibility, in terms of design and heat management; and because fewer parts are needed, the cost of an LED integrated luminaire is potentially lower than the cost of a traditional luminaire plus an LED replacement bulb.

It may take some time until LED integrated luminaires find their way into buildings where fittings already exist, but they are obviously an attractive option for new construction.

Some luminaire types are better suited than others for integrated LED lamps. Last year 39 percent of all street-light luminaires shipped were LED integrated, and that number is forecast to increase to 82 percent in 2022. Retrofitting street lamps with replacement bulbs often makes little economic sense, since they tend to be upgraded to smart lights, which require new wiring and fittings anyway.

Though the term heat sink probably isn't one most people think of when they hear the word computer, it should be. Without heat sinks, modern computers couldn't run at the speeds they do. Just as you cool down with a cold bottle of Gatorade after a high impact workout, heat sinks cool down your computer's processor after it runs multiple programs at once. And without a quality heat sink, your computer processor is at risk of overheating, which could destroy your entire system, costing you hundreds, even thousands of dollars.

But what exactly is a heat sink and how does it work? Simply put, a heat sink is an object that disperses heat from another object. They're most commonly used in computers, but are also found in cell phones, DVD players and even refrigerators. In computers, a heat sink is an attachment for a chip that prevents the chip from overheating and, in modern computers, it's as important as any other component.

If you aren't very tech-savvy, think of the heat sink like a car radiator. The same way a radiator draws heat away from your car's engine, a heat sink draws heat away from your computer's central processing unit (CPU). The heat sink has a thermal conductor that carries heat away from the CPU into fins that provide a large surface area for the heat to dissipate throughout the rest of the computer, thus cooling both the heat sink and processor. Both a heat sink and a radiator require airflow and, therefore, both have fans built in.

Before the 1990s, heat sinks were usually only necessary in large computers where the heat from the processor was a problem. But with the introduction of faster processors, heat sinks became essential in almost every computer because they tended to overheat without the aid of a cooling mechanism.

On the next page we'll take a look at some different types of heat sinks, as well as the scientific principles that explain how they work.

Heat can be transferred in three different ways: convection, radiation and conduction. Conduction is the way heat is transferred in a solid, and therefore is the way it is transferred in a heat sink. Conduction occurs when two objects with different temperatures come into contact with one another. At the point where the two objects meet, the faster moving molecules of the warmer object crash into the slower moving molecules of the cooler object. When this happens, the faster moving molecules from the warmer object give energy to the slower moving molecules, which in turn heats the cooler object. This process is known as thermal conductivity, which is how heat sinks transfer heat away from the computer's processor.

Heat sinks are usually made of metal, which serves as the thermal conductor that carries heat away from the CPU. However, there are pros and cons to using every type of metal. First, each metal has a different level of thermal conductivity. The higher the thermal conductivity of the metal, the more efficient it is at transferring heat.

One of the most common metals used in heat sinks is aluminum. Aluminum has a thermal conductivity of 235 watts per Kelvin per meter (W/mK). (The thermal conductivity number, in this case 235, refers to the metal's ability to conduct heat. Simply put, the higher the thermal conductivity number of a metal, the more heat that metal can conduct.) Aluminum is also cheap to produce and is lightweight. When a heat sink is attached, its weight puts a certain level of stress on the motherboard, which the motherboard is designed to accommodate. Yet the lightweight make up of aluminum is beneficial because it adds little weight and stress to the motherboard.

One of the best and most common materials used to make heat sinks is copper. Copper has a very high thermal conductivity of 400 W/mK. It is, however, heavier than aluminum and more expensive. But for operating systems that require an extensive amount of heat dissipation, copper is frequently used.

So where does the heat go once it's been conducted from the processor through the heat sink? A fan inside the computer moves air across the heat sink and out the computer. Most computers also have an additional fan installed directly above the heat sink to help properly cool the processor. Heat sinks with these additional fans are called active heat sinks, while those with the single fan are called passive heat sinks. The most common fan is the case fan, which draws cool air from outside the computer and blows it through the computer, expelling the hot air out of the rear.

The Future of Heat Sink Materials

Heat sinks are like any other product in the always-advancing field of computers. Companies are constantly striving to find lighter, more conductive materials to make efficient heat sinks. They don't need to be made from just one material. For example, some heat sink producers are bonding copper and aluminum together. The design consists mainly of aluminum (for its lightweight properties) surrounded by a copper plate (for its high rate of thermal conductivity). These are great -- in theory -- but if the copper doesn't bonded tightly with the aluminum, which is often the case in inexpensive heat sinks, the copper plate can do more harm than good.

In October 2008, the firm Applied Nanotech announced that the future of heat sinks is an isotropic material called CarbAl. CarbAl is made up of 20 percent aluminum and 80 percent of two different carbon-derived materials with excellent thermal conductivity. Applied Nanotech was excited about the material because it has a thermal conductivity of 425 W/mK (higher than both aluminum and copper) and has a density similar to aluminum. Basically, CarbAl is more conductive than copper and weighs the same as aluminum, making it the best of both worlds.

Another material that's gaining popularity with heat sink producers is a natural graphite composite material. It's not as conductive as copper, but it's close with a thermal conductivity of 370 W/mK. But the real advantage of graphite is its weight -- it weighs just 70 percent of the weight of aluminum.

Whatever the material, there is one rule of thumb for heat sinks: inexpensive ones cost more in the long run. Many of the cheaper heat sinks on the market contain fans that use sleeve bearings. Sleeve bearings often break down after a very short period of time due to problems with their lubrication. While heat sinks with fans using ball bearings are more expensive, they last far longer than sleeve bearings and are cheaper in the long run. We'll talk more about how to choose a heat seat on the next page.

Choosing a Heat Sink

When you buy a computer, whether it's a Dell, Sony or an HP, the heat sink is already installed. However, if you're building your own computer, there are certain factors you must consider when choosing the right heat sink. Since you have so many options when choosing a processor, just be certain that the thermal output of the processor you buy matches the thermal handling capability of the heat sink you buy. To determine the heat sink performance required by the processor you buy, you need to know three things:

• The maximum allowable case temperature (how hot the actual case of your computer can get without damage)
• The maximum power dissipation of the processor
• The maximum allowable inlet temperature to the heat sink

These figures should be in the owner's manual. Once you have these, they can be plugged into a mathematical formula to determine the heat sink required by your processor. The rate at which the heat sink transfers heat from the processor to the air is known as thermal resistance. To find the thermal resistance needed for the processor, you subtract the maximum inlet temperature from the maximum case temperature and divide that number by the maximum power dissipation of the processor. The thermal resistance is measured in degrees Celsius per watt (C/W).

Let's say, for example, that you buy a processor with a maximum allowable case temperature of 70 degrees Celsius (158 degrees Fahrenheit). Its maximum allowable inlet temperature is 36 degrees Celsius (96.8 degree Fahrenheit) and it allows for a maximum power output of 110. The formula would look like this:

R = (70-36) / 110

R = 0.31 C/W

Therefore, when purchasing a heat sink for this processor, you should be sure that its thermal resistance is no higher than 0.31. It's fine to use a heat sink with this processor that has a lower thermal resistance than 0.31. This will only improve the cooling. However, as is the case with any heat

89 and 84 Tungsten Copper (Wcu) Sheet Type Substrate For High Power LED Module

• 89 and 84 Tungsten Copper (WCu) Sheet Type Substrate for High Power LED Module
  
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