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the option contract on subsidies (contracts)
Equivalent to a price guarantee system. Now for a certain period (such as the option price after half a year), but to buy the insurance. If buy the insurance expires, when actual prices higher than the option prices, the farmers themselves sells; When the market price lower than options expire actual prices, the government directly to the market price and the ghd south africadifference between the option price supply farmers, still the peasants themselves. Such sales has two functions one is to some extent the farmers' income, 2 it is to ensure that the government can reduce the direct purchase price of the formation of the reserves. But, as the market prices are often higher than the price is high, the actual option with not a lot of people this way.
(3) agricultural insurance policy
Limited to the country's financial and imbalance between agricultural insurance development, mainly in the more developed regions. Brazil's agriculture insurance has the following characteristics the central bank by the federal sole responsible for agricultural insurance, other Banks only as a proxy. BeiGeng points, planting, management and sales and other four stages and extend credit insurance (agriculture synchronization). Insurance scope to the cost of production for limit. Government and farmers their burden of 50% of the insurance gold, promote farmer through to agricultural insurance way to reduce the risk of agricultural production. This indirect assistance method, has yet to be fully promotion, the reason is that the current farmers still 2% of the insurance rate is too high.other support policies
() to solve the debt crisis of farmers
Since 995, the Brazilian government has taken some measures to solve the debt ghd hair straightenercrisis of the farmers problem. One of the important measures through the form of legislation is allowed to expire (June 995) can't pay the debt of the farmers can continue to negotiate with lenders delayed payments. Farm debt in 200000 reais ($00000) of the following, may be extended for 0 years in loans, and the interest rate by 3% and the government's specific commodities minimum price rate; Debt in 20-500000 reais, between the extension 20 years and the interest rate payments for 8% plus price index (the variation rate of the General index); the Prices Debt in 50- million reais for 9% annual interest rate of between, and price index rate; Debt in more than million reais and the interest rate is 0% and price index rate.
credit policy
The government according to the previous year's output value and farmers' land area of lending, small farmers and ranchers, the middle peasants can obtain the funds needed for the respectively 00%, 70%, and 55% of the loans and interest rates are also different in order to improve (2-3%). In order to ensure that small farmers can get a loan, the law requires all commercial Banks must have it the capital (deposit) are 25% in agriculture (called Exigiblldades). In ghd2000, for example, the 3.75 billion reais rural credit funds comes from the 7.2 billion a, accounted for 5%. From the use of loans to see, 8.927 billion used for liquid funds, 2.3 billion for investment, 2.52 billion for marketing loans. Since 996, the marketing loan (loan) that is growing fast, from 996 in 386 million to over 2000 in 2.52 billion, and investment loans from 996 in .5 billion to over 2000 in 2.3 billion, working capital loans from 996 in 4.39 billion to 8.927 billion growth. Credit funds guarantee the growth of rural economic development need money.
(2) price support policies
() the products sold plan (PEP)
The purpose of the program is the government through processing enterprise or wholesalers to pay "price difference" subsidies way to support agricultural prices. "price" means the market price and the government's reference price. The difference between the reference price can be an official the lowest price, also can be in the option contract set ghd south africaprice. In fact the government provides producing area and is equivalent to the consumption of freight between western farmers of subsidies. The products to offer to the south of the processing enterprise or wholesalers, the government will be the difference between the two places (mainly freight) subsidies to the latter, and thus encourage them to inland areas to purchasing agricultural products, thus for inland areas to provide farmers price support. The plan is limited, only for the amount of output, the government through 5-6% auction way to divide the quotas, subsidies amount provided in the line, the subsidy is not. Real operation has three crops benefit from it cotton, corn and wheat. In 2000, PEP subsidies amount 76.5 million reais, of which 57 million reais cotton, corn 9.5 million reais.
The above policy until 994 the establishment of the WTO and the signing of the agricultural agreement. Since 995, agricultural market more open. On the one hand out of financial pressure, on the other hand consider must abide by the WTO rules of the game, the Brazilian government began to change agricultural policy, and put forward the two new policy measures to gradually replace the old price support policy, the products sold plan (PEP) and options contracts subsidies (option contracts). The old price support plan at present is limited to rice, corn, wheat, cassava and beans and other major crops. In 2000, the government bought 57000 tons of rice and 93000 tons of beans and 03000 tons of other crops. This one phase policy objectives of specific shown in two aspects one is to keep the international competitiveness of agricultural, mainly is aims at the ranch, reduce the price support to compete in the international market are improving; 2 it is to ensure that the farmers' income is not lower than the city residents' income, maintain social stability, mainly is for small farmers and agricultural support programs, to take the family to prevent the rural population to the larger cities too fast and excessive liquidity and cause the social problems. Starting in 995, although to agricultural subsidies and price support, but reduce grain production is increasing by 995, 80 million tons of growth in 200 to 98.3 million tons.
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Although Brazil agricultural policy in 995 was a major adjustment made after, products sold plan and options contracts subsidies be two new policy tools. But today, the Brazilian agriculture policy is still contains many ways, their common influence Brazil the development of agriculture and Brazilian farmers' incomes. Brazil's agriculture policy by structure, domestic policy and policy support trade policy, the three aspects constitute.
, structure policy
Structure includes policy land reform program and family support plan. Agricultural land reform program purpose is to attract farmers to inland Midwest, through the cultivated land resources development reserve a large scale in promoting the improvement of agricultural competitiveness; And the family farm support program is specific to the lack ghd for saleof international competitiveness of small-scale peasant, through the plan of the peasants to obtain stable income, in order to prevent the bankruptcy of small-scale peasant to big cities too fast flow and bring social instability, ultimately guarantee the stable economic growth.
Therefore, apply for a environment mark authentication has also bee many multinational business enterprise international green marketing is an important part of the strategy.
Three, the green trade barriers
1. The generation of green burberrytrade barriers
Green trade barriers, it is to point to a to protect the ecological environment, natural resources and human health as an excuse of trade protectionism. It often new measures according to the relevant environmental standards and provisions for a product not only meets quality standards, and in the production, use and disposal process which conform to the specific environment protection requirement, environmentally-friendly or harm small.
2. The green trade barriers of the main content
(1) environment mark
Environment mark is used for those with similar products more accord with environmental protection requirement than a symbol.
Due to the consumer environment mark provides accurate products and enterprise's environmental quality information, so help to arouse the enthusiasm of the business enterprise to participate in the environmental protection, and to improve the environmental consciousness of consumers, and since the 1970 s, environmental marking system in the world. At present, the rapid development in the world have DuoGe 40 countries and regions of environment mark system. Due to the environment mark of the basis, the use of environmental standards and evaluation method, there are many differences between the implementation of environmental marking system can also affect the foreign product petitive ability, bee a kind of form of trade barriers.
(2) the environmental protection (green) packing requirements
In developed countries, the packaging waste have accounted for all about 13 of solid waste, and at the same time, packaging itself also need to cost material material, and various countries on packaging to reduce pollution to regulate, saving the environment resources. The provisions of environmental protection packing burberry salesthough its rationality, but sometimes can lead to discrimination import goods, to increase imports into the difficulty of the market.
(1) most of the state environmental protection packing standards right in their large producers of manipulation, therefore, in a national environmental protection packing in a product to the requirements and regulations a packaging, often considered the domestic factors, domestic producers and consumers situation preferences, domestic waste treatment way, favorable conditions, and foreign suppliers for domestic resources, technology and other reasons priority in use of the packing material could be influenced by the provisions of the importing country packaging prohibitions and restrictions on imports, it has a very adverse effects.
(2) the environmental protection packing requirements sometimes can lead to policy measures the intentionally discrimination imported products. In addition, foreign suppliers may not get specific market packaging requirements of full of information, and may even face in a very short time to adapt to the new packaging regulations unreasonable demands, all of these make foreign goods at a disadvantage.
(3) when the environmental protection packing pulsory recycling and reusing measures used in imported product, for foreign producers or suppliers. Because it is difficult requirements for their domestic producers in burberry on sale importing countries with the same on the packing materials and reuse, recycle for size, specifications and design of reason and restricted. Thus foreign suppliers had to rely on local distributors or waste treatment center to deal with packaging waste, and therefore pay the higher fees or accept other conditions and so on, which can lead to more trade friction.
The international green marketing content
The international green marketing strategy and the general sense of the international marketing strategy that is, basically have the following aspects of content and features
(1) deal with more plex marketing environment
Due to environmental factors, causes the enterpricoach outlet onlinese to join the international marketing in the face of the environment is more plex. For example, when a country consumer has strong environmental consciousness, the petitive advantage of the country's products will be very different now, the product is accord with environmental protection requirement sometimes even be decided to the success or failure of petition, such as artificial additives exceeds the food not only be market and producers will be punished. Thus, the enterprise must according to the different conditions to develop into all the country's marketing strategy, marketing objectives and marketing plan.
(2) development of the international green marketing technology portfolio
Enterprise in formulating the international green marketing strategy, we must consider in value, production method and the mass media international differences. According to the specific requirements of the world environmental protection laws and regulations, the choice of general application bination technology, or choose suitable for specific countries require technology. For example, the enterprise in the choice of product strategy, we must pay attention to enter the country for clean production, green product, environmental protection packing, the specific provisions to determine appropriate product strategy.
(3) implementation of international environmental standards and national standards
Since the 1970 s, many countries in the world are formulating and i coach outletmplementing national environmental standards. Environmental standards is being the key factor in the international market petition and to set up the green trade barriers is an important basis for the environmental standards. International authentication, means that from the international market, can break through the green pass the countries of the green trade barriers to international environment. So standards and national standards, has bee the international green marketing strategy of the enterprise is an important part.
(4) apply for a environment mark authentication
The current system, environment mark has bee the important measures of environmental protection all countries and the quality of products of the important security measure. Because without a environment mark of imported goods in many countries is restricted, and environmental marking system has also bee barriers to international trade new content.
the goal of green marketing
The goal of green marketing from the maximum limit consumption to the pursuit of sustainable consumption, which requires many development and utilization of renewable resources, reduce the waste of resources, prevent environmental pollution.
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(4) green marketing enterprise development
Green marketing enterprise is more exquisite, long-term interests and long-term development advantages, finally, to occupy the market initiative. So, enterprise production and marketing the contradictions concentrated expression in the immediate interests of enterprises, its own local interests, the enterprise and the consumer, the overall social interests and long-term interests conflict. The traditional marketing, although attention will benefit consumers and social enterprise with long term interests together, but it did not pay attention to sustainable development and green marketing. Green marketing is especially pay attention to the business activities of enterprises with the environment, and the relationship broke through the countries and regions of the boundaries, pay attention to the global environment. Thus, green marketing than traditional social marketing pay more attention to the human long-term interests.
(5) green marketing market have difference
Each country, region, a country between the different region between demand, especially environment (green) standards and marks exist quite different, specific standard are different, but the enterprise in the process of internationalization of this kind of problem must improve, countries in product quality, production, consumption, disposal of the use of environmental protection requirement will be no difference to the direction of the mixed and mutual development.
Two, the international green marketing
1. The international green marketing basic principles
In international marketing activities, in order to is developed, and tradefit flophe environment, the international society is gradually form a make both to give consideration to the principle
(1) trade and development should respect and maintain the environment about the sanity
This is in admit that human activities on the ecological system on the premise of influence there. It requires respect ecological system renewable limits, to take action to avoid species and species of irreversible damage caused, protect the natural ecological value.
(2) the international policy
Only when the international policy than each country or countries within the scope of the jurisdiction of the policy action when it should take more effective international policy. Environmental policy can reflect the environmental conditions or events the order of priority of the development of the differences.
(3) international disputes must solve international
Effective to solve international dispute is the request have openness, fairness and justice dispute mediation program.
(4) the prevention of science
In some cases take preventive measures to solve more effective than later. This measure is to early in the damage in the prevention and before easing the pressure on the environment, and access to new scientific information, this is formulated and carry out environmental policy, that indispensable.
Tussah clothing and trousers, woollen garment pressing program as well. The most important thing is not to splash on the case.
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(5) chemical synthetic fabric on the ironing
Chemical fiber is the floorboard of the man-made fibers. In the chemical fiber, and points in man-made fibers and synthetic fiber two kinds.
Artificial fiber is the use of natural fibre of waste materials and processed by the combination of natural cellulose, contains substances. Such as linters, bark, the chemical treatment of fiber, main component production or cellulose, its performance and cotton fiber, for the same product viscose fiber products, viscose, rayon, or with other synthetic fibers blended.
Synthetic fiber is using oil chemical products, chemical synthesis and the DuoCi the polymer. Because of its macromolecule polymerization methods are different, and in synthetic fiber produced DuoZhong fiber.
1. Polyester. Polyester. The main products are pure polyester, polyester silk or polyester fiber and other fiber blended, many with cotton, wool, acrylic fiber viscose, blended.
2. Nylon. Polyamide fiber, also called nylon. The main products for nylon filament, industrial supplies and nylon fabrics such as socks, etc.
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3. Acrylic. Polyacrylonitrile fiber. The main products are pure acrylic, wool, PengTiSha line, acrylic, acrylic fiber and sports wear and other fiber blended products.
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4. Pp. Polypropylene fiber. The main products used to make clothing, and many of the dwindling used for industrial and carpet.
5. WeiGuan. Poly (vinyl alcohol) fiber. The main products used to make clothing almost gone, more than WeiGuan to produce artificial blood vessels and surgical line etc.
6. LvGuan. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fibers. The main products for LvGuan canvas and plastic weaving cloth, etc.
7. Spandex. Polyurethane fiber. The main products for knitted garments. Because of its flexibility is great, used to take swimming and gymnastics weaving outfit. Spandex fiber and other fiber blended, such as polyurethane fiber encase with cotton fiber woven out into yarn, elastic solid? To make elastic jeans.
To the above seven kinds of synthetic fiber, should pay attention to the coach outletironing, also is the good performance master ironing (refer to the "iron temperature thermometer"). Special to grasp of the textiles temperature, mixed ironing clear is what kinds of fiber blended and become, at least want to understand two or more. With low performance of heat-resistant fibers ironing as a standard temperature. For example: MaoDiGuan polyester and cotton blended (namely DeQueLiang), wool and cotton when ironing the heat resistance performance is higher than the polyester, should be with polyester ironing, to ensure the standard temperature is no risk at all, don't make mistakes.
Specific clothing structure design and ironing method, and cotton program are wool, silk method program is same, just pressing temperature differ.
(6) specific female the ironing clothes
Female's unique clothing, mainly is the skirt outfit, design is complicated, dress front has introduced the introduction, only the ordinary skirt, pleated skirt and made plait skirt. Because skirt outfit with makings range is very wide, in pressing temperature according to the skirt of the nature of the material fiber against "ironing" to master the thermometer. Here introduced only ironing, methods and procedures.
Main part that ironing
(1) or so usable hand sleeves, and bone ironing, because the unlined upper garment has long sleeve short unlined upper garment, and to have a sleeve, long sleeve is thin, better use the hand bone. But also can need not hand bone, but on record, turn hot side.
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(2) ironing firm and fast in other parts, in order to avoid the not very hot ago already dry, this could cause water shortage, influence the quality of ironing.
(3) around the shoulder with small sleeve cotton pad, if not hot steamed bread cotton steamed bread, also can be in turn hot while sleeve cuff shoulder very hot.
5. Silk embroidery smoke flower unlined upper garment pressing method
Hot preparation
Tightness in the first 20 minutes, water content, the water 25 to 35%, more of a new dry towel. Hot before with the hand embroider part due to a show. Ironing program temperature moves to a method of 165 ~ 185 ℃, direct pressing. Order: the or so TieBian-positive opposite front collar around-both the ironing sleeves-right chest shoulder--right back-left breast-left shoulder shoulder--left predecessor, the blade (positive)-right predecessor, the sleeve shoulder--hung up.
Main part that ironing
(1) the collar. In the smoke flower and embroidery unlined upper garment, the collar also have smoke flower or embroidery, so in ironing must be prevented in collar flat.
(2) the right chest shoulder, the left breast is set in the shoulder ironing board head of ironing. If smoke spend part of the hot, can be in embroidered rough areaThe dry towel, using the towel hair wilfit flopl live, cup-shaped receptacle again above pressing, smoke take part will soon iron.
6. Tussah clothing on the ironing method
The ironing shirts tussah method, and mulberry silk on the ironing basically the same method. A little different is, tussah shirt boring water must be thin and even, to boring through and a burned. In the hot dry place, don't drop of water drop, can appear otherwise or. Because tussah fiber organization, the complex structure of water, impurity, even if hot dry, because part of the light reflection in water, reduce form apparent contrast and appear or. So, in fit flops particular attention to ironing. If there was or how to do? One is to stay or dry again, in the part of the cushion layer or a dry cloth, a layer of wet cloth, with the high temperature steam electric iron stuffy hot make rapid diffusion, so that can be removed. If the result is bad, can also return water, air and hot.
All kinds of silk, RuanDuan, embroider BeiMian on the ironing method
Hot preparation
Water, water content, the first stuffy 25 to 35%, stuffy 10 to 20 minutes, the embroidery BeiMian boring water don't roll up and avoid embroider line fading, string of color. Check whether smooth iron bottom.
Pressing method program raising temperature of 170 ~ 190 iron ℃, will BeiMian shook out from the reverse side, iron, the iron pressure to even, lest appear brand. Pay attention to four edges, appear edge to iron. Horizontal don't pull worked, in turn, iron can.
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BeiMian embroidery is better with hot water with, because embroidery yarn more easy to rub off, with hot water and with the color line is not rub off before it was very hot dry. Positive or positive change of iron, hot, the iron to go to, don't run weave transverse operation, lest appear horizontal brand or and silk. 3. Male unlined upper garment pressing method silk before hot water, water content to boring 25 to 30%, roll, 20 minutes after pressing. Pressing method program
The iron temperature of 165 ~ 185 ℃, first pressing or so, TieBian opposite front, ironing after positive. Order is: left sleeve--right sleeve "- the positive collar (shoulder blade)-(opposite the plait, have cut back straight very hot dead, width equal)-left predecessor, the right predecessor (or so are attached on the predecessor fold hot)-fold or hung up.
note
(1) ironing clothes, iron runtime silk to steady and fast, don't suddenly cheap jerseys fast and slow, due to the temperature is not enough and moisture volatilizes quickly and appear uneven phenomenon.
(2) pressing hard to even, avoid to rub out of death plait.
(3) if the shirt is brunet, can press all ironing shirts opposite program ironing. 4. Silk blouses on the ironing method hot water, water content the prepare stuffy 25 to 35%, rolled up after 20 minutes pressing. Hand bone, small cotton steamed bread each one. Pressing method program for 165 ~ 185 heating up the iron ℃, directly opposite scald the iron, about TieBian opposite front, opposite area can expand ironing. Order: positive ironing the positive about-collar sleeves-right chest shoulder--right back-left breast-left shoulder shoulder--left predecessor (front)-(positive)-blade right predecessor (front)-sleeve shoulder (mat cotton steamed bread)--hung up.
After the middle of Ming dynasty, cotton and cotton has become widespread garment warm clothing material. At the same time, zhu yuanzhang take all kinds of measures to strengthen the national centralized and unified, clothing system which is formulated a.
The crown of the Ming dynasty dress sashes sashes are limited to the crown prince, serve the emperor, prince and members of the royal sacrifice or the ceremonies such as when taking. Women's dress and early Ming dynasty women's hairdo basic keep hairdo song, yuan style. In the Ming dynasty MingFu dress dress uniform, and take points league two. The Ming dynasty to give has the title of the officials her grandmother, mother, his wife's dress to also have strict regulations. Main have FengGuan, XiaPei, big sleeve unlined upper garment, BeiZi, etc. On the FengGuan Zhai bead and all kinds of ZhuCui decorations, according to quality and advances. Women's clothing in the Ming dynasty general mainly robe unlined upper garment, change, XiaPei, BeiZi, than armour, skirts, and so on.
Adorn article designs
The Ming dynasty noble family multi-purpose silk clothes, embroidered silk brocade, variety of patterns. Most of these decorative pattern contains and lucky idea, common in the cloud and the bat group is between a circular embedded longevity, take meaning "carrying five bats long-lived". Other peony, lotus flower, deformation, exaggerated design, it leaves, with some bud, also very chic, nonplussed by love. The holiday also has many occasion pattern.
Table 10: disaster of clothing in the Ming dynasty
Use object characteristics
Red ROM clothes with each his rank and different, in the big king, a winter solstice, and other important etiquette into, the old military
Top YouRen, sleeve coats offer three feet wide and take the old military official
Bullfighting bullfighting and flying fish take uniform is clothing two pattern in the department official library with the old civil public property
Flying fish take
The queen's big sleeve clothing the Ming dynasty Ming dynasty emperor service coach outlet storeuniform
The qing dynasty
background
In 1644, the original in northeast China into the manchu inside shanhaiguan pass, took Beijing, established the qing dynasty. From clothing, the history of the development of the traditional dress of qing dynasty see the biggest change, dress and the most elaborate shape confused.
Men's clothing sashes
Since the emperor, down to military officials, and a juren, etc., are successful, according to quality taking. The qing dynasty and a yellow horse hang, is a spoiled by the official uniforms are proud of. Male take general male take a robe, hang, change, shirts, pants, etc. The horse, was hanged for easy to ride a horse, military dress, it is called "the horse to hang". Women's dress manchu women are generally wear robes, or cover tank top out; The manchu women's robes, cuff, long can mask flat feet. The evolution of Chinese women after gown the main clothing ─ cheongsam. The han nationality women's wear a male clothing for less, generally wear changes mantles, ao, skirt. Cloak is coat
